|
 |
|
REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
|
|
|
| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 16
| Issue : 3 | Page : 400-405 |
| |
Chemical and physical basics of routine formaldehyde fixation
Rooban Thavarajah, Vidya Kazhiyur Mudimbaimannar, Joshua Elizabeth, Umadevi Krishnamohan Rao, Kannan Ranganathan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai, India
| Date of Web Publication | 16-Oct-2012 |
Correspondence Address:
Rooban Thavarajah
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0973-029X.102496
 Abstract | | |
Formaldehyde is the widely employed fixative that has been studied for decades. The chemistry of fixation has been studied widely since the early 20 th century. However, very few studies have been focused on the actual physics/chemistry aspect of process of this fixation. This article attempts to explain the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and also to study the physical aspects involved in the fixation. The factors involved in the fixation process are discussed using well documented mathematical and physical formulae. The deeper understanding of these factors will enable pathologist to optimize the factors and use them in their favor.
Keywords: Fixation, Antigen retrieval, buffered formalin, diffusion, formaldehyde, immunohistochemistry, penetration
How to cite this article:
Thavarajah R, Mudimbaimannar VK, Elizabeth J, Rao UK, Ranganathan K. Chemical and physical basics of routine formaldehyde fixation. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012;16:400-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Thavarajah R, Mudimbaimannar VK, Elizabeth J, Rao UK, Ranganathan K. Chemical and physical basics of routine formaldehyde fixation. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol [serial online] 2012 [cited 2023 Feb 8];16:400-5. Available from: https://www.jomfp.in/text.asp?2012/16/3/400/102496 |
| Introduction | |  |
Fixation is a crucial step in processing of biopsy tissue specimen for the examination and archival preservation. Fixation helps to preserve cellular architecture and composition of cells in the tissue to allow them to withstand subsequent processing. Fixation also preserves the proteins, carbohydrate and other bio-active moieties in their spatial relationship to the cell, so that they can be studied. [1]
An ideal fixative is expected to harden (to impart mechanical rigidity to withstand tissue processing) tissue components and prevent decomposition, putrefaction, and autolysis. Fixation is a physico-chemical process that is gradual and complex, involving diffusion of fixative into the tissue and a variety of potential physical phenomenon and chemical reactions. To date, no ideal fixative has been found, i.e., a fixative that perfectly preserves cellular morphology and yet does not modify the specimen composition so as not to change the reactivity of the chemical moieties therein for subsequent detection. Because of this issue, the selection of a particular fixative generally warrants multiple and careful considerations. [1],[2] Unless penetration occurs, fixation is not possible.
There are 4 major groups of fixatives, namely the aldehydes, oxidizing agents, alcohol based fixatives and the metallic group of fixatives. The aldehydes (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde) and oxidizing agents (osmium tetraoxide, potassium permanganate) acts by cross-linking proteins. Alcohol based fixatives (methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid) are protein-denaturing agents. Metallic group of fixatives acts by forming insoluble metallic precipitates like mercuric chloride and picric acid. The choice of the fixative is based on tissue and anticipated ancillary tests. [3]
Formalin is the widely used fixative in pathology labs worldwide owing to its convenience in handling, high degree of accuracy and extreme adaptability. The basics of chemical reactions involved in formalin fixation have been described in literature. [4],[5] Penetration of formalin in to the specimen is a physical process by which the solution diffuses in to the specimen to reach the innermost layers of cells. This movement of formalin is governed by several physical factors.[3] The aim of this review is to attempt to revisit the chemical basis of formalin fixation, as well as to explain the effects of various factors on formalin fixation using known physical equations and basic chemical reactions.
| Chemical Basics of Formaldehyde Fixation | | |
Proteins are basic blocks of any tissue. Protein structures can be classified into 4 levels of structural organization. Primary level is the amino acid structure. The remaining secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure refers to the peptide arrangement in the polypeptide backbone, three dimensional structure of globular protein and structural aggregates of globular proteins respectively. Formaldehyde reacts with primary amines to form Schiff bases, with amides to form hydroxymethyl compounds. Hydroxymethyl groups condense with another amide moiety to form methyl daimides. Alcoholic hydroxyl forms acetals while sulfhydro groups form sulfhydral acetal analogues with formaldehyde. [6] Based on the affinity to combine with formaldehyde, proteins could be classified as strong affinity, moderate and less affinity ones. Presences of tyrosine rings, in proteins, have been identified as an important factor for the affinity of the protein to formaldehyde. In its absence, the presence of arginine residue, phenylalanine or tryptophan as a conserved substitution (tyrosine to a phenylalanine or tryptophan) would help to create the formalin affinity. [4]
The routinely used fixative is 10% formalin, which is 3.7% formaldehyde in water with 1% methanol. It is an inexpensive, commonly available fixative that does not cause excessive tissue shrinkage or distortion of cellular structure. The undiluted commercial formaldehyde solutions contain 10% methanol as a preservative to prevent the spontaneous condensation reaction. [1] Owing to this, the commercial formalin is a 2-phase fixative, with an initial alcohol fixation phase, followed by a cross-linking phase mediated by aldehyde. The alcohol initially causes dehydration in the process, hardening the tissues and membrane. Formalin, when stored for longer periods, gets oxidized to form formic acid. Hence in stored formaldehyde, presence of unknown formic acid (also reacts with blood to form a birefringent crystal called formalin pigments) is expected. [1]
Formaldehyde, in aqueous solution, becomes hydrated to form a glycol (hydrated formaldehyde) called methylene glycol. Methylene glycol hydrate molecules react with one another, combining to form polymers [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. [5] They can be given by the equation:
Long standing Methylene glycol polymerizes to form polyoxymethylene glycol. In a neutral to alkaline buffered system such as tissues, it depolymerizes to methylene glycol which dehydrates into carbonyl formaldehyde (one that contain C with a double bond with O, dehydrated form). Both the hydrated and non-hydrated forms of formaldehyde fix the tissue. [1],[3],[5]
In an ideal stable solution, the equilibrium (the state in which the right and left half of the equation are symmetrical and balanced) between methylene glycol and formaldehyde in aqueous solution lies in favor of methylene glycol. The conversion of methylene glycol to active carbonyl formaldehyde can be accomplished only by removal of formaldehyde. Infrared spectra of commercial formaldehyde solutions show no evidence of carbonyl formaldehyde. [1],[6] Similarly, the major spikes or lines of the Raman spectrum correspond to those of methylene glycol only. [7]
When tissues are immersed in formalin, they are rapidly penetrated by methylene glycol and the minor quantity formaldehyde. Actual covalent chemical reaction of the fixative solution with tissue depends on the formaldehyde present being consumed after forming bonds with the tissue components. Consecutively, more formaldehyde forming from dissociation of methylene glycol leading to shift of the equation, so more formaldehyde is formed. [1],[5],[6]
Formaldehyde, being a reactive electrophilic species, it reacts readily with various functional groups of biological macromolecules in a cross-linking fashion [Figure 3]. Studies indicate that the most frequent type of cross-link formed by formaldehyde in collagen is between the nitrogen atom at the end of the side-chain of lysine and the nitrogen atom of a peptide linkage and the number of such cross-links increases with time. [1],[6] | Figure 3: Protein Interaction of Formaldehyde (1) Initial reaction (2) Late reaction
Click here to view |
In the initial or primary stage, reactive sites are primary amines (lysine), purines and thiols (cysteine) forming mono, dimethylol or hydroxyl methyl derivatives that are covalently bound to tissue [Figure 3.1]. The subsequent cross-linking occurs by formation of a cross-link of -CH2- called a methylene bridge. [Figure 3.2] They proceed to involve the other functional groups such as amides, asparagines and guanidine and tyrosine carbon rings. [1],[3],[5],[6] Formaldehyde reacts with an amine creating a reactive iminium ion intermediate. The iminium ion then reacts with the phenol group of tyrosine, creating a covalent bond. [4]
The initial cross linking is completed by 24 h to 48 h after penetration while the latter may take about 30 days to generate the stable covalent cross linkages. The initial phase of the reaction is reversible while at the latter stages the reaction becomes irreversible when there is high number of covalent bonds formed. This alters the physicochemical state of tissue such as redox and membrane potentials of the tissue, surface charges and thereby it changes the reactivity of cellular components. However the minimum length of time required for both such complex interactions to become completely over is yet to be determined. The reversible nature of the initial phase reaction is the basis of antigen retrieval in molecular techniques. [4],[5],[6]
When formaldehyde reaches a cell by diffusion as methylene glycol and breaks down (by shift in equation), they experience a period when there is an increasing amount of diffused formaldehyde in the cell. Initially the remnant aldehyde dehydrogenases in the cell act on formaldehyde and metabolize it. After this, there is a rapid influx of formaldehyde into tissue as formaldehyde starts to react with proteins. Already fixed tissue may act as a barrier to this influx. [8]
Biopsy specimen consists of a system of biological structures and membranes with varying degrees of susceptibility to osmotic forces. Osmotic properties of a solution may be expressed as the moles of molecules or ions dissolved in a liter of solvent. A "10% formalin" or 4% formaldehyde solution is 1.3 molar by definition. The completely unbuffered solution of formaldehyde, without methanol preservative, exerts an osmotic pressure in range of 1300 mO under standard conditions. By comparison, isotonic salt solutions have osmolarities on the order of 250-350 mO. Hence, formalin is expected to diffuse into tissue faster. Also, as a small molecule, formaldehyde (molecular weight 30) is expected to penetrate tissues at a rate independent of concentration and fix the tissue very fast. However in reality, the fixation takes a longer time. This discrepancy is referred to in literature as penetration-fixation paradox. Formaldehyde solution penetrates faster but takes longer time to fix. The answer to this lies in the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and the rate to shift the equilibrium of formaldehyde liberation from polymers of methylene glycol. [1] Hence, it is recommended to use a freshly prepared solution of formalin to keep the concentrations of polymers low.
Factors influencing formaldehyde fixation
As discussed, there are two components in formaldehyde fixation-penetration and fixation. Penetration refers to the ability of the solution to diffuse into the tissue while fixation is the ability of the formaldehyde to complete the initial cross linking. For routine histochemical process, it is advised that the tissue blocks thickness be in the range of 20 mm so that the penetration occurs by 24 h at 25°C or 18 h at 37°C. [1]
Variation in factors such as buffering capacity, depth of penetration, temperature, concentration and time interval would influence the completion of fixation. In tissue level, there are more factors that would influence the penetration and fixation.
Factors influencing penetration
Literature has sufficient evidence to prove that penetration of formalin in tissue is governed by Fick's law of diffusion. [9] It has been repeatedly studied and reported about the various physical factors that influence the rate of penetration.
If formaldehyde is assumed to be an exact equilibrium where there is no shift in concentration of the gradients, then diffusion or penetration can be explained by Fick's first of law of diffusion. [10],[11] The equation states that:
Where i is species considered
D is diffusion coefficient or the constant
C is concentration in mol/m 3
R is universal gas constant in J/K mol
T is absolute temperature (in Kelvin)
μ i is chemical potential of the species
x is length
In this above mentioned formula, D or the diffusion constant is directly proportional to square root of velocity and is influenced by temperature, viscosity of fluid and size of the particle and correlated by the Stokes-Einstein law for solutions with low Reynolds numbers [11],[12] that is as given below:
Diffusion Constant D = μ K B T (Equation 3)
Where K B is Boltzmann's constant (1.3806488 × 10 -23 )
T is absolute temperature (in Kelvin)
η is viscosity and
r is radius
μ is particle's terminal drift velocity to an applied force
If one were to consider that the concentration of formaldehyde, at micro-levels, varies widely continuously, then Fick's second law of diffusion need to be applied. [10],[11]
Where φ = concentration in dimension, amount of substance / length3 (mol/m 3 )
t = time
Δ= gradient operator
D = diffusion coefficient
From these equations it can be safely concluded that penetration is dependent on the following:
1. Temperature has a dual role. It is inversely related to influx (equation 1) while directly being related to Diffusion constant (equation 2). The temperature used here is in Kelvin. A raise in 1°C would increase the Kelvin scale by 1 and elucidate a change of 0.37. (Conversion scale for Kelvin is temperature in °C + 273.15) Impact of temperature will directly correlate with Brownian movement of fluid which would affect the drift velocity. Radius of the active molecule will also be influenced by the increase in temperature.
a. The density of aqueous formaldehyde as a function of temperature had been described by the formula [13]
Where ρm is density of aqueous formaldehyde solution
ρW is density of water
T is absolute temperature in Kelvin
W F is overall weight% of formaldehyde in the solution.
In this equation it is observed that density of the formaldehyde solution is linearly associated with the weight% of formaldehyde of the solution and also an association of temperature.
b. The viscosity of aqueous formaldehyde as a function of temperature has been described in literature. The residual of equation did not reveal any clear trend of viscosity as a function of W F or temperature. [13]
2. pH has a major role to play in the dissociation of the solution in equilibrium. [14] Alkaline pH and or presence of hydroxyl ions play an important role in conversion of polyoxymethylene glycol. In a mild alkaline system it depolymerizes to methylene glycol which dehydrates to maintain equilibrium with active carbonyl formaldehyde. Presence of formic acid in long standing solution will appear to retard this reaction. Fixant such as acid formalin will retard this depolymerization. However, this does not occur with freshly prepared solutions of formaldehyde. [1],[7],[14] The other implication is the advocacy of using buffered formalin. Buffered formalin offers resistance to minor changes in pH, hence negating the minor changes of pH.
It is reported that at room temperature, unbuffered formalin has pH in range of 4, as many amino and guanidyl groups carry H + charge, formaldehyde can react only with limited available uncharged groups. With time, these groups give off their protons and combine with formaldehyde. In buffered neutral formalin (with pH 7) amino groups are discharged and react avidly with formaldehyde. This difference underlines the importance of pH in penetration. For example, the amount of formaldehyde bound to collagen increase from 0.05 mmol/g at pH 4 to 0.4 mmol at pH 7 to 8. Maximum cross-linking, occurs in the moderate alkaline pH range and no increase in mild alkaline (pH 5.5). [7]
3. Volume of solution will ensure that the tissue penetration occurs from all surfaces ensuring the deeper penetration. As penetration is a function of concentration, by equation, 1, 2, 4, the concentration of the fluid at the advancing front is low, drawing much more influx of fluid in to the tissue. Moreover, contribution of osmotic driven forces, capillary driven forces will draw in more fluid in to the tissue causing higher penetration. [1],[7]
4. With more time given, the depth of penetration will increase. As length is present in the denominator in equation 1, the increase in i, will be drawing more fluid in to the tissue. Medavar's formula given by the linear proportional increase of square root of time, with the coefficient of diffusion being constant. [15] However, it should be borne that the diffusion constant is subjected to variability too. Literature reports of too many values of such constants. [16]
5. With increase in pressure, the penetration of the solution is also rapidly increased. [17]
6. Presence of capillary vessels or muscle fibers has been observed to increase the rate of penetration. This phenomenon is probably linked to the surface wetting or capillary action of the vessels and fibers. [18]
7. Increase in surface area of the tissue is expected to increase the rate of penetration. Presence of crypts, vessels and clefts appear to increase the rate of penetration. [18]
8. It is reported that the concentrated formaldehyde consistently penetrated more rapidly than less concentrated ones. The diffusion coefficient factor varied with concentration, but the logarithmic exponent remained unchanged. At the initial contact, the rate of penetration would be normal. As the tissue interacts with formaldehyde, concentration will drop to a hypothetical extent that when no further penetration occurred. In practical tissue fixation, hence it may be beneficial to use adequate quantities of fixing fluid or by re-immersion in fresh fluid. [1],[18]
Factors influencing fixation
The single most important criterion that influences rate of fixation is the rate of shift of the equilibrium in favor of formaldehyde. [1] The factors that could influence the fixation include time, pH, temperature and viscosity. [18]
The absorption of formaldehyde is a function of its rapid utilization in the equilibrium equation. Subsequently, the kinetics of the dehydration of methylene glycol is an important rate limiting step in this reaction. In an experiment to determine the influence of pH on this reaction, it was observed that after a gradual increase with pH there is a sharp upturn of the pH corresponding to a decrease of the concentration of hydrogen ions. Indicating after a critical point in the range of pH of 7-8, it stabilizes. The dehydration rate probably is related to the amount of hydroxyl ion (H + or pH) in the tissue. When the tissue's alkalinity is utilized, the reaction would change and retard the fixation rate. [1]
In strong acidic environment, the primary amines (NH 2 ) combine with H + to form NH 3 , carboxyl group (COO - ) loses their charge while OH - group becomes less reactive. The presence of blood and proteins in tissue renders the free formaldehyde ineffective. In alkaline environment, the methylene glycol and other polymers break down to lesser degree causing the active formaldehyde. [1],[17],[18],[19]
When carbonyl formaldehyde is formed, it rapidly establishes equilibrium with methylene glycol. The equilibrium constant for the methylene glycol to carbonyl formaldehyde interconversion is 4 × 10 -4 S -1 . This indicates in this system, amount of carbonyl formaldehyde in any given aqueous formaldehyde solution will be low as most of them will be converted to methylene glycol. [1]
Owing to exhaustion of free formaldehyde, after the initial phase of primary reaction of fixation, it takes longer time for the secondary reaction to occur. Usually for smaller specimen, the longer they are stored more methylene bridges are formed and they are fixed permanently. Whereas for larger specimens such as those stored, the reaction continues for days together.
The reaction rate of the hydration of formaldehyde as obtained from measuring the chemically enhanced absorption of formaldehyde gas into water in a stirred cell with a plane gas liquid interface, and mathematically modeling of the transfer processes. At the conditions at temperatures of 293-333 K (22°C - 60°C) and at pH values between 5 and 7, the rate is found as K h = 2.04 × 105 × e-2936/T s-1. [13] The formula [13] was given as:
From this it can be safely assumed that rate of interconversion is a function of temperature. Increase in temperature has also shown to increase the fixation by formaldehyde. In a study using specific peptides coupled to slides, which were fixed by immersing the slides in 10% neutral buffered formalin for various lengths of time: 20 min or 1, 6, or 16 to 20 h (overnight). It was found out that the peptides, depending upon type, required between 6 and 16 h for complete fixation and loss of immunoreactivity. The fixative need not penetrate to any depth, since the peptides were on a molecular layer on the glass microscope slide. Consequently, the time was solely a reflection of the kinetics of a chemical reaction of formaldehyde with proteins at room temperature. Furthermore, the study identified that raising the formalin fixation temperature to 42°C significantly reduced the required incubation time. However, no reason for prolonged time taken for fixation has been given. [20]
Moreover, Increase in temperature will favor the disassociation of formaldehyde from the polymers. As the protein's action is related to temperature, the formaldehyde will be rapidly utilized to form bonds. This tilts the formaldehyde-methylene glycol in favor of formaldehyde, releasing more formaldehyde, hence the faster reaction. [1],[8],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21]
It has been shown that the addition of elevated pressure to conventional formaldehyde fixation improves the diffusion of formaldehyde throughout the tissue, as well as accelerates the fixation process. [17] It is conventionally advised to have an ideal volume of formaldehyde solution in ratio of 1: 25 with a minimum ratio of 1:10. This ensures that the amount of formaldehyde remains large to ensure the continuation of reaction in favor of conversion of formaldehyde. When low volumes of solutions are used, probably the minimally present formaldehyde molecules used and bank on the conversion of methylene glycol conversion for formaldehyde. [1],[17],[19],[20],[21]
It is assumed that the formaldehyde cross-linking is that the fixed structures accurately reflect molecular relationships in the living cell. In a recent study, it is reported that such an assumption becomes invalid when intermolecular contacts are short-lived. [22]
| Conclusion | | |
Formaldehyde has an extensive and long history for fixation of tissues for diagnostic purposes. However, few aspects of the chemistry and physics of formaldehyde fixation have not been adequately explained. An attempt has been made to explain the physics and chemistry of formaldehyde fixation.
It has been reported that tissue, when stored indefinitely in formalin, does not yield good antigen and hence may give false negative Results. [21] It is always useful to store the necessary tissue as paraffin blocks, though the validity of the method is still debated. [8] The chemistry and physics behind these phenomenon have been discussed. The Discussion presented underlines the advantage of the routine use of buffered formalin instead of conventional formalin. This renders the penetration and fixation more effective that the conventional formalin. With the more extensive use of immunohistochemistry and other molecular techniques for diagnostic purposes, the modalities of formaldehyde fixation have to be understood before formaldehyde fixation is attempted. The action of formaldehyde in its slow formation of covalent bonds in aqueous solution yet rapid diffusion in tissue has to be effectively harnessed and employed for effective fixation, as well as antigen retrieval. The factors can be modified appropriately as discussed for effective fixation. The tissue processing shall not be done mechanically but after a careful thought process and warrants due attention to reduce errors, as well as to make the tissue processing faster.
| Acknowledgement | | |
The authors would like to thank Dr. S. Ramachandran, Principal, Ragas Dental College and Prof. Dr. A. Kanagaraj, Chairman of Jaya Group of Institution, Chennai for their constant support and encouragement.
| References | | |
| 1. | Fox CH, Johnson FB, Whiting J, Roller PP. Formaldehyde Fixation. J Histochem Cytochem 1985;33:845-53. 
[PUBMED] |
| 2. | Helwitt SM, Lewis FA, Yanxiang C, Conrad RC, Cronin M, Dnaneberg KD, et al., Tissue handling and specimen preparation in surgical pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008;132:1929-35.
|
| 3. | Grizzle WE, Fredenburgh JL, Myers RB. Fixation of tissues. In: Bancroft JD, Gamble M, editors. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 6 th ed. Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier Limited; 2008. p. 56-63.
|
| 4. | Somapuram SR, Vani K, Messana E, Bogen SA. A molecular mechanism of formalin fixation and antigen retrival. Am J Clin Pathol 2004;121:190-9.
|
| 5. | Kiernan JA. Formaldehyde, formalin, paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde: What they are and what they do. Microscopy Today 2000;1:8-12.
|
| 6. | Mason JT, O'Leary TJ. Effects of formaldehyde fixation on protein secondary structure: A calorimetric and Infrared spectroscopic investigation. J Histochem Cytochem 1991;39:225-9.
[PUBMED] |
| 7. | Gustavson KH. Aldehyde tanning. In: The chemistry of tanning processes. 1 st ed. 1956, New York: Academic Press; 1956. p. 244-82.
|
| 8. | Srinivasan M, Sedmark D, Jewell S. Effect of fixatives and tissue processing on the content and integrity of nucleic acids. Am J Pathol 2002;161:1961-71.
|
| 9. | Yong-Hing CJ, Obenaus A, Stryker R, Tong K, Sarty GE. Magnetic resonance imaging and mathematical modeling of progressive formalin fixation of the human brain. Magn Reson Med 2005;54:324-32.
[PUBMED] |
| 10. | Flick AE. Uber die Diffusion. Ann Phy Chem 1855;94: 59-86.
|
| 11. | Philbert J. One and a half century of diffusion: Fick, Einstein, before and beyond. Diffusion Fundamentals 2005;2:1-10.
|
| 12. | Mehrer H, Stolwijk NA. Heroes and highlights in the history of diffusion. Diffusion Fundamentals 2009;11:1-32.
|
| 13. | Winkelman JG. Absorption of formaldehyde in water. PhD Thesis submitted to University of Groningen, Netherland; 2003.
|
| 14. | Bruke FV. The pH of formalin-A factor in fixation: Adjustment and stabilization of the hydrogen Ion concentration of formalin solutions. Am J Pathol 1933:9;915-20. (PMID 19970101)
|
| 15. | 12. Medawar PB. The rate of penetration of fixatives. J R Microsc soc 1941:61;46-57.
|
| 16. | Start RD, Layton CM, Cross SS, Smith JH. Reassessment of the rate of fixative diffusion. J Clin Pathol 1992;45:1120-21.
[PUBMED] |
| 17. | Chesnick IE, Mason JT, O'Leary T, Fowler CB. Elevated pressure improves the rate of formalin penetration while preserving tissue morphology. J cancer 2010;1:178-83.
|
| 18. | Dempster WT. Rates of penetration of fixing fluids. Am J Anat 1960;107:59-72.
[PUBMED] |
| 19. | Puchtler H, Meloan SN. On the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and its effects on immunohistochemical reactions. Histochemistry 1985;82:201-4.
[PUBMED] |
| 20. | Kallen RG, Jencks WP. Equilibria for the reaction of amines with formaldehyde and protons in aqueous solution. A reexamination of the formaol titration. J Biol Chem 1966;241:5864-78.
[PUBMED] |
| 21. | Webster JD, Miller MA, Dusold D, Ramos-Vara J. Effects of prolonged formalin fixation on diagnostic immunohistochemistry in domestic animals. J Histochem Cytochem 2009;57:753-61.
[PUBMED] |
| 22. | Schmiedeberg L, Skene P, Deaton A, Bird A. A temporal threshold for formaldehyde crosslinking and fixation. PLoS One 2009;4:e4636.
[PUBMED] |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Construction of a multifunctional polysaccharide-based aerogel for highly efficient fluorescence detection and removal of formaldehyde |
|
| Peipei Zong, Weidong Qin, Jinlan Luo, Xiaohui Wang, Jianling Bi, Fangong Kong, Keyin Liu | | Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2023; 380: 133391 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Applications of spatially resolved omics in the field of endocrine tumors |
|
| Yinuo Hou, Yan Gao, Shudi Guo, Zhibin Zhang, Ruibing Chen, Xiangyang Zhang | | Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023; 13 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Plastination with low viscosity silicone: strategy for less tissue shrinkage |
|
| Y.F. Monteiro, M.V.F. Silva, A.P.S.V. Bittencourt, A.S. Bittencourt | | Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2022; 55 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Evaluation of DNA Isolation and Amplification from Various Organs Preserved through Frozen, Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sample method |
|
| Mifta Rizqina Amalia, Anna Roosdiana, Yudit Oktanella, Andreas Bandang Hardian, Dini Agusti Paramanandi, Kharisma Kurnia Utami, Andi Tri Rakhmat Akbar, Made Venika Nareswari, Fajar Shodiq Permata | | Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. 2022; 10(3): 643 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
The formalin test does not probe inflammatory pain but excitotoxicity in rodent skin |
|
| Tal Hoffmann, Florian Klemm, Tatjana I Kichko, Susanne K Sauer, Katrin Kistner, Bernhard Riedl, Patrick Raboisson, Lei Luo, Alexandru Babes, Laurence Kocher, Giancarlo Carli, Michael J. M. Fischer, Peter W. Reeh | | Physiological Reports. 2022; 10(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity in Q Fever Vaccine Development |
|
| Alycia P. Fratzke, Erin J. van Schaik, James E. Samuel | | Frontiers in Immunology. 2022; 13 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Ten Approaches That Improve Immunostaining: A Review of the Latest Advances for the Optimization of Immunofluorescence |
|
| Ricardo Pińa, Alma I. Santos-Díaz, Erika Orta-Salazar, Azucena Ruth Aguilar-Vazquez, Carola A. Mantellero, Isabel Acosta-Galeana, Argel Estrada-Mondragon, Mara Prior-Gonzalez, Jadir Isai Martinez-Cruz, Abraham Rosas-Arellano | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3): 1426 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
RNA-Based Next-Generation Sequencing in the Somatic Molecular Testing of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) in a Centralized Model: Real-World Data to Suggest It Is Time to Reconsider Testing Options |
|
| Alison Finall | | Journal of Molecular Pathology. 2022; 3(4): 307 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Evaluation of Formalin-Fixed and FFPE Tissues for Spatially Resolved Metabolomics and Drug Distribution Studies |
|
| Andreas Dannhorn, John G. Swales, Gregory Hamm, Nicole Strittmatter, Hiromi Kudo, Gareth Maglennon, Richard J. A. Goodwin, Zoltan Takats | | Pharmaceuticals. 2022; 15(11): 1307 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Propolis as a Potential Novel Histological Tissue Fixative: A Preliminary Analysis |
|
| Amr S. Bugshan, Hawra A. AlJanobi, Raghad A. AlMunif, Rand R. AlShubaili, Nawal M. AlHarbi, Sarah A. Khusheim, Muneer H. AlShuyukh, Asim M. Khan | | Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(19): 9842 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Assessing the quality of long-term stored tissues in formalin and in paraffin-embedded blocks for histopathological analysis |
|
| HariyabbeRangaswamy Likhithaswamy, GS Madhushankari, Manickam Selvamani, KP Mohan Kumar, Ganganna Kokila, Saibaba Mahalakshmi | | Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure. 2022; 10(1): 23 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
The comparison of decrease in mice mass preserved with formalin 4% and neutralize with sodium bicarbonate |
|
| Florencia Evelyn, Ria Margiana | | Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2022; 55(4): 459 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Engineering a sustainable future for point-of-care diagnostics and single-use microfluidic devices |
|
| Alfredo Edoardo Ongaro, Zibusiso Ndlovu, Elodie Sollier, Collins Otieno, Pascale Ondoa, Alice Street, Maďwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas | | Lab on a Chip. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
The Role of Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Pharmacokinetic Studies |
|
| Chukwunonso K. Nwabufo, Omozojie P. Aigbogun | | Xenobiotica. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Enhancing Antigen Retrieval to Unmask Signaling Phosphoproteins in Formalin-fixed Archival Tissues |
|
| Bhawana George, Abedul Haque, Vishal Sahu, Albina Joldoshova, Yashandeep Singh, Janet E. Quinones, Suraj Konnath George, Hesham M. Amin | | Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 2022; 30(5): 333 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Electrical Phenotyping of Human Brain Tissues: An Automated System for Tumor Delineation |
|
| Arjun Bs, Anil Vishnu Gk, Shilpa Rao, Manish Beniwal, Hardik J. Pandya | | IEEE Access. 2022; 10: 17908 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Development of a fixative protocol using formaldehyde and gluteraldehyde for preservation of microbial art on agar plates |
|
| Sammi Wilson, Samantha P. Law, Neil R. McEwan, Rebecca Wright, Jenny S. Macaskill | | Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Advances and future outlooks in soft robotics for minimally invasive marine biology |
|
| David F. Gruber, Robert J. Wood | | Science Robotics. 2022; 7(66) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Transdermal Film Loaded with Avanafil Ultra-deformable Nanovesicles to Enhance its Percutaneous Absorption and Bioavailability |
|
| Omar D. Al-hejaili, Abdullah A. Alamoudi, Osama A. A. Ahmed, Khalid M. El-Say | | AAPS PharmSciTech. 2022; 23(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Enzyme-labeled Antigen Method: Factors Influencing the Deterioration of Antigen-binding Activity of Specific Antibodies during Formalin Fixation and Paraffin Embedding |
|
| Yasuyoshi Mizutani, Kazuya Shiogama, Ken-ichi Inada, Toshiyuki Takeuchi, Atsuko Niimi, Motoshi Suzuki, Yutaka Tsutsumi | | ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA. 2022; 55(5): 129 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Decoration of laser-ablated ZnO nanoparticles over sputtered deposited SnO2 thin film based formaldehyde sensor |
|
| Surajit Das, Sumit Kumar, Jitendra Singh, Mahesh Kumar | | Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2022; 367: 132114 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Revisiting PFA-mediated tissue fixation chemistry: FixEL enables trapping of small molecules in the brain to visualize their distribution changes |
|
| Hiroshi Nonaka, Takeharu Mino, Seiji Sakamoto, Jae Hoon Oh, Yu Watanabe, Mamoru Ishikawa, Akihiro Tsushima, Kazuma Amaike, Shigeki Kiyonaka, Tomonori Tamura, A. Radu Aricescu, Wataru Kakegawa, Eriko Miura, Michisuke Yuzaki, Itaru Hamachi | | Chem. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Real-time Raman analysis of the hydrolysis of formaldehyde oligomers for enhanced collagen fixation |
|
| Yansong Wang, Yinlan Ruan, Bobo Du, Ji Li, Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem, Xuechuan Wang | | Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2022; 264: 120285 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Robust and Long-Term Cellular Protein and Enzymatic Activity Preservation in Biomineralized Mammalian Cells |
|
| Jimin Guo, Shahrouz Amini, Qi Lei, Yuan Ping, Jacob Ongudi Agola, Lu Wang, Liang Zhou, Jiangfan Cao, Stefan Franco, Achraf Noureddine, Ali Miserez, Wei Zhu, C. Jeffrey Brinker | | ACS Nano. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Multiple-Streams Focusing-Based Cell Separation in High Viscoelasticity Flow |
|
| Haidong Feng, Dhruv Patel, Jules J. Magda, Sage Geher, Paul A. Sigala, Bruce K. Gale | | ACS Omega. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Long-term whole blood DNA preservation by cost-efficient cryosilicification |
|
| Liang Zhou, Qi Lei, Jimin Guo, Yuanyuan Gao, Jianjun Shi, Hong Yu, Wenxiang Yin, Jiangfan Cao, Botao Xiao, Jacopo Andreo, Romy Ettlinger, C. Jeffrey Brinker, Stefan Wuttke, Wei Zhu | | Nature Communications. 2022; 13(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Effects of fixatives and storage duration on avian sperm morphology |
|
| Gaute Grřnstřl, Marie Danielsen, Emily R. A. Cramer, Lars Erik Johannessen, Arild Johnsen, Emma Whittington, Jan T. Lifjeld | | Journal of Ornithology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
A Matched-Pair Analysis of Nuclear Morphologic Features Between Core Needle Biopsy and Surgical Specimen in Thyroid Tumors Using a Deep Learning Model |
|
| Faridul Haq, Andrey Bychkov, Chan Kwon Jung | | Endocrine Pathology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Formalin Detection using Platinum Electrode-Based Electrochemical System |
|
| S. Nag, H. Naskar, S. Pradhan, R. Chatterjee, V. Sharma, B. Tudu, R. Banerjee Roy | | Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B. 2022; 2(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Optimizing immunostaining of archival fish samples to enhance museum collection potential |
|
| Garfield T. Kwan, Benjamin W. Frable, Andrew R. Thompson, Martin Tresguerres | | Acta Histochemica. 2022; 124(7): 151952 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Deep learning identification of stiffness markers in breast cancer |
|
| Alexandra Sneider, Ashley Kiemen, Joo Ho Kim, Pei-Hsun Wu, Mehran Habibi, Marissa White, Jude M. Phillip, Luo Gu, Denis Wirtz | | Biomaterials. 2022; : 121540 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Retrograde dye perfusion of the proximal aorta – A postmortem technical study |
|
| Jan M. Federspiel, Constantin Lux, Katrin Burkhard, Mattias Kettner, Marcel A. Verhoff, Thomas Tschernig, Frank Ramsthaler | | Heliyon. 2022; : e12475 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Topical formulation based on disease-specific nanoparticles for single-dose cure of psoriasis |
|
| Yang Mai, Yaqi Ouyang, Mian Yu, Yujia Qin, Michael Girardi, W. Mark Saltzman, Emiliano Cocco, Chao Zhao, Liu Yu, Yizhen Jia, Lingyun Xiao, Liu Dou, Wenbin Deng, Yang Liu, Julin Xie, Yang Deng | | Journal of Controlled Release. 2022; 349: 354 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Fruit derived callus and cell suspension culture as promising alternative sources for mogrosides production in Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey: a zero-caloric natural sweetener |
|
| Mahinder Partap, Pankaj Kumar, Pawan Kumar, Probir Kumar Pal, Dinesh Kumar, Ashish R. Warghat, Sanjay Kumar | | Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2022; 108: 104450 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Gelatin/ß–Cyclodextrin Bio–Nanofibers as respiratory filter media for filtration of aerosols and volatile organic compounds at low air resistance |
|
| Vinod Kadam, Yen Bach Truong, Jurg Schutz, Ilias Louis Kyratzis, Rajiv Padhye, Lijing Wang | | Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021; 403: 123841 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Effects of fixatives on histomagnetic evaluation of iron in rodent spleen |
|
| Kevin J. Walsh, Stavan V. Shah, Ping Wei, Samuel D. Oberdick, Nicole M. Dickson-Karn, Dana M. McTigue, Gunjan Agarwal | | Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2021; 521: 167531 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Cortical and trabecular morphometric properties of the human calvarium |
|
| Kevin Adanty, Karyne N. Rabey, Michael R. Doschak, Kapil B. Bhagavathula, James D. Hogan, Dan L. Romanyk, Samer Adeeb, Simon Ouellet, Thomas A. Plaisted, Sikhanda S. Satapathy, Christopher R. Dennison | | Bone. 2021; 148: 115931 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Perfusion-distention fixation of heart specimens: A key step in immortalizing heart specimens for wax infiltration and generating 3D imaging data sets for reconstruction and printed 3D models |
|
| Takato Yamasaki, Shuhei Toba, Stephen P Sanders, Chrystalle Katte Carreon | | Cardiovascular Pathology. 2021; : 107404 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Semi-automated single-molecule microscopy screening of fast-dissociating specific antibodies directly from hybridoma cultures |
|
| Takushi Miyoshi, Qianli Zhang, Takafumi Miyake, Shin Watanabe, Hiroe Ohnishi, Jiji Chen, Harshad D. Vishwasrao, Oisorjo Chakraborty, Inna A. Belyantseva, Benjamin J. Perrin, Hari Shroff, Thomas B. Friedman, Koichi Omori, Naoki Watanabe | | Cell Reports. 2021; 34(5): 108708 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Fast and accurate protocol for histology and immunohistochemistry reactions in temporomandibular joint of rats |
|
| Rosanna Tarkany Basting, Marcelo Henrique Napimoga, Juliana Moreira de Lima, Nadir Severina de Freitas, Juliana Trindade Clemente-Napimoga | | Archives of Oral Biology. 2021; 126: 105115 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Histology of human teeth: Standard and specific staining methods revisited |
|
| M. Widbiller, C. Rothmaier, D. Saliter, M. Wölflick, A. Rosendahl, W. Buchalla, G. Schmalz, T. Spruss, K.M. Galler | | Archives of Oral Biology. 2021; 127: 105136 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
A novel approach for rapid cell assessment to estimate DNA recovery from human bone tissue |
|
| Thien Ngoc Le, Dzenita Muratovic, Oliva Handt, Julianne Henry, Adrian Linacre | | Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Complementary neuropeptide detection in crustacean brain by mass spectrometry imaging using formalin and alternative aqueous tissue washes |
|
| Nhu Q. Vu, Amanda R. Buchberger, Jillian Johnson, Lingjun Li | | Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2021; 413(10): 2665 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Alternative tissue fixation for combined histopathological and molecular analysis in a clinically representative setting |
|
| Amelia Meecham, Elena Miranda, Hayley T. Morris, Jane Hair, Karin A. Oien, Gareth Gerrard, Naomi Guppy, David Mooney, Emily C. Shaw, Margaret Ashton-Key, Robert Lees, Adrienne Flanagan, Manuel Rodriguez-Justo | | Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Developing formalin-based fixative agents for post mortem brain MRI at 9.4 T |
|
| Azadeh Nazemorroaya, Ali Aghaeifar, Thomas Shiozawa, Bernhard Hirt, Hildegard Schulz, Klaus Scheffler, Gisela E. Hagberg | | Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Algae to angiosperms: Autofluorescence for rapid visualization of plant anatomy among diverse taxa |
|
| Timothy J. Pegg, Daniel K. Gladish, Robert L. Baker | | Applications in Plant Sciences. 2021; 9(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Can ketone bodies inactivate coronavirus spike protein? The potential of biocidal agents against SARS-CoV-2 |
|
| Alaa Shaheen | | BioEssays. 2021; 43(6): 2000312 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Refractive Index Changes of Cells and Cellular Compartments Upon Paraformaldehyde Fixation Acquired by Tomographic Phase Microscopy |
|
| Maria Baczewska, Kai Eder, Steffi Ketelhut, Björn Kemper, Malgorzata Kujawinska | | Cytometry Part A. 2021; 99(4): 388 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
A method to remove the influence of fixative concentration on postmortem
T
2
maps using a kinetic tensor model
|
|
| Benjamin C. Tendler, Feng Qi, Sean Foxley, Menuka Pallebage-Gamarallage, Ricarda A. L. Menke, Olaf Ansorge, Samuel A. Hurley, Karla L. Miller | | Human Brain Mapping. 2021; 42(18): 5956 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Toward the development of portable light emitting diode-based polarization spectroscopy tools for breast cancer diagnosis |
|
| Arif Mohd Kamal, Uttam M. Pal, Adithya Kumar, Gunabhi Ram Das, Hardik J. Pandya | | Journal of Biophotonics. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Tissue fixation effects on human retinal lipid analysis by MALDI imaging and LC–MS/MS technologies |
|
| Ankita Kotnala, David M. G. Anderson, Nathan Heath Patterson, Lee S. Cantrell, Jeffrey D. Messinger, Christine A. Curcio, Kevin L. Schey | | Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2021; 56(12) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Comprehensive micro-scaled proteome and phosphoproteome characterization of archived retrospective cancer repositories |
|
| Corinna Friedrich, Simon Schallenberg, Marieluise Kirchner, Matthias Ziehm, Sylvia Niquet, Mohamed Haji, Christin Beier, Jens Neudecker, Frederick Klauschen, Philipp Mertins | | Nature Communications. 2021; 12(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
Improper estimation of lead contamination |
|
| Diana Papoulias | | Nature Sustainability. 2021; 4(1): 17 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
An alternative food source for metabolism and longevity studies in Caenorhabditis elegans |
|
| Safa Beydoun, Hyo Sub Choi, Gabrielle Dela-Cruz, Joseph Kruempel, Shijiao Huang, Daphne Bazopoulou, Hillary A. Miller, Megan L. Schaller, Charles R. Evans, Scott F. Leiser | | Communications Biology. 2021; 4(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Venom Gland Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Saw-Scaled Viper, Echis carinatus sochureki, at High Lateral Resolution |
|
| Parviz Ghezellou, Sven Heiles, Patrik Kadesch, Alireza Ghassempour, Bernhard Spengler | | Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 2021; 32(4): 1105 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Residue-Selective Protein C-Formylation via Sequential Difluoroalkylation-Hydrolysis |
|
| Mateusz Imiolek, Patrick G. Isenegger, Wai-Lung Ng, Aziz Khan, Véronique Gouverneur, Benjamin G. Davis | | ACS Central Science. 2021; 7(1): 145 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Retrospective phylogenetic analyses of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from the 2011 Rift Valley fever outbreak in South Africa, through sequencing of targeted regions |
|
| Antoinette van Schalkwyk, Sipho Gwala, Kaitlyn N. Schuck, Melvyn Quan, Anne Sally Davis, Marco Romito, Lieza Odendaal | | Journal of Virological Methods. 2021; 287: 114003 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Additively manufactured BaTiO3 composite scaffolds: A novel strategy for load bearing bone tissue engineering applications |
|
| Elena Mancuso, Lekha Shah, Swati Jindal, Cecile Serenelli, Zois Michail Tsikriteas, Hamideh Khanbareh, Annalisa Tirella | | Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2021; 126: 112192 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
In-Cell Labeling and Mass Spectrometry for Systems-Level Structural Biology |
|
| Juan D. Chavez, Helisa H. Wippel, Xiaoting Tang, Andrew Keller, James E. Bruce | | Chemical Reviews. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Application of 2D IR Bioimaging: Hyperspectral Images of Formalin-Fixed Pancreatic Tissues and Observation of Slow Protein Degradation |
|
| Sidney S. Dicke, Ariel M. Alperstein, Kathryn L. Schueler, Donald S. Stapleton, Shane P. Simonett, Caitlyn R. Fields, Farzaneh Chalyavi, Mark P. Keller, Alan D. Attie, Martin T. Zanni | | The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2021; 125(33): 9517 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Stress relief: emerging methods to mitigate dissociation-induced artefacts |
|
| Léo Machado, Frederic Relaix, Philippos Mourikis | | Trends in Cell Biology. 2021; 31(11): 888 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Can Coupling Multiple Complementary Methods Improve the Spectroscopic Based Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Illnesses? A Proof of Principle Ex Vivo Study Using Celiac Disease as the Model Illness |
|
| Sara J. Fraser-Miller, Jeremy S. Rooney, Michael Lau, Keith C. Gordon, Michael Schultz | | Analytical Chemistry. 2021; 93(16): 6363 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
Lameness in sheep: a practical guide to non-contagious foot diseases |
|
| Rachel Clifton | | Livestock. 2021; 26(5): 254 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
Comparison of Fixation Methods for the Detection of Claudin 1 and E-Cadherin in Breast Cancer Cell Lines by Immunofluorescence |
|
| Chidalu A. Edechi, Maryam Amini, Mohammad K. Hamedani, Lucas E.L. Terceiro, Barbara E. Nickel, Etienne Leygue, Yvonne Myal | | Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 2021; : 0022155421 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
The effect of methanol fixation on single-cell RNA sequencing data |
|
| Xinlei Wang, Lei Yu, Angela Ruohao Wu | | BMC Genomics. 2021; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 66 |
Changes in magnetic resonance imaging relaxation time on postmortem magnetic resonance imaging of formalin-fixed human normal heart tissue |
|
| Kiyokadzu Ebata, Sakon Noriki, Kunihiro Inai, Hirohiko Kimura | | BMC Medical Imaging. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 67 |
E-Cadherin expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 10,851 tumors |
|
| Eike Burandt, Felix Lübbersmeyer, Natalia Gorbokon, Franziska Büscheck, Andreas M. Luebke, Anne Menz, Martina Kluth, Claudia Hube-Magg, Andrea Hinsch, Doris Höflmayer, Sören Weidemann, Christoph Fraune, Katharina Möller, Frank Jacobsen, Patrick Lebok, Till Sebastian Clauditz, Guido Sauter, Ronald Simon, Ria Uhlig, Waldemar Wilczak, Stefan Steurer, Sarah Minner, Rainer Krech, David Dum, Till Krech, Andreas Holger Marx, Christian Bernreuther | | Biomarker Research. 2021; 9(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 68 |
A call to action: molecular pathology in Brazil |
|
| Isabela Werneck da Cunha, Renata de Almeida Coudry, Mariana Petaccia de Macedo, Emilio Augusto Campos Pereira de Assis, Stephen Stefani, Fernando Augusto Soares | | Surgical and Experimental Pathology. 2021; 4(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 69 |
Formalin Fixation as Tissue Preprocessing for Multimodal Optical Spectroscopy Using the Example of Human Brain Tumour Cross Sections |
|
| Mona Stefanakis, Anita Lorenz, Jörg W. Bartsch, Miriam C. Bassler, Alexandra Wagner, Marc Brecht, Axel Pagenstecher, Jens Schittenhelm, Barbara Boldrini, Sabrina Hakelberg, Susan Noell, Christopher Nimsky, Marcos Tatagiba, Rainer Ritz, Karsten Rebner, Edwin Ostertag, Feride Severcan | | Journal of Spectroscopy. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 70 |
Quantitative Analysis of Tyrosine Phosphorylation from FFPE Tissues Reveals Patient-Specific Signaling Networks |
|
| Ishwar N. Kohale, Danielle M. Burgenske, Ann C. Mladek, Katrina K. Bakken, Jenevieve Kuang, Judy C. Boughey, Liewei Wang, Jodi M. Carter, Eric B. Haura, Matthew P. Goetz, Jann N. Sarkaria, Forest M. White | | Cancer Research. 2021; 81(14): 3930 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 71 |
A novel technique of isolated gastrocnemius recession: A cadaveric comparison with Strayer procedure |
|
| Ren Yi Kow, Aminudin Che-Ahmad, Mohd Adham Shah Ayeop, Muhammad Wafiuddin Ahmad, Shahril Yusof | | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. 2021; 29(3): 2309499021 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 72 |
Perfusion fixation methods for preclinical biodistribution studies: A comparative assessment using automated image processing |
|
| Rania Belhadjhamida, Harriet Lea-Banks, Kullervo Hynynen | | Methods and Applications in Fluorescence. 2021; 9(1): 017001 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 73 |
A new method to visualize CEP hormone–CEP receptor interactions in vascular tissue in vivo
|
|
| Han-Chung Lee, Steve Binos, Kelly Chapman, Sacha B Pulsford, Ariel Ivanovici, John P Rathjen, Michael A Djordjevic | | Journal of Experimental Botany. 2021; 72(18): 6164 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 74 |
FAX-RIC enables robust profiling of dynamic RNP complex formation in multicellular organisms in vivo
|
|
| Yongwoo Na, Hyunjoon Kim, Yeon Choi, Sanghee Shin, Jae Hun Jung, S Chul Kwon, V Narry Kim, Jong-Seo Kim | | Nucleic Acids Research. 2021; 49(5): e28 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 75 |
Generalized Fixation Invariant Nuclei Detection Through Domain Adaptation Based Deep Learning |
|
| Mira Valkonen, Gunilla Hognas, G Steven Bova, Pekka Ruusuvuori | | IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2021; 25(5): 1747 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 76 |
A Simple Nano Cerium Oxide Modified Graphite Electrode for Electrochemical Detection of Formaldehyde in Mushroom |
|
| Shreya Nag, Susmita Pradhan, Hemanta Naskar, Runu Banerjee Roy, Bipan Tudu, Panchanan Pramanik, Rajib Bandyopadhyay | | IEEE Sensors Journal. 2021; 21(10): 12019 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 77 |
Towards Development of LED-Based Time-Domain Near-IR Spectroscopy System for Delineating Breast Cancer From Adjacent Normal Tissue |
|
| Arif Mohd. Kamal, Uttam M. Pal, Ashika Nayak, Tejaswi Medisetti, B. S. Arjun, Hardik J. Pandya | | IEEE Sensors Journal. 2021; 21(16): 17758 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 78 |
Intravenous formalin for treatment of haemorrhage in horses |
|
| C. R. Moreno, K. M. Delph, W. L. Beard | | Equine Veterinary Education. 2021; 33(12) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 79 |
Characterization of humoral and cellular immune features of gamma-irradiated influenza vaccine |
|
| Fengjia Chen, Ho Seong Seo, Hyun Jung Ji, Eunji Yang, Jung Ah Choi, Jae Seung Yang, Manki Song, Seung Hyun Han, Sangyong Lim, Jae Hyang Lim, Ki Bum Ahn | | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2021; 17(2): 485 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 80 |
Comparison of decomposition rate of hind limbs of preserved mice with ethanol-glycerin and formaldehyde of advanced fixative solution |
|
| Amanda Natalie Wijaya, Ria Margiana, Sasanthy Kusumaningtyas, Deswaty Furqonita | | Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2021; 54(2): 225 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 81 |
The Combination of Paraformaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde Is a Potential Fixative for Mitochondria |
|
| Yuan Qin, Wenting Jiang, Anqi Li, Meng Gao, Hanyu Liu, Yufei Gao, Xiangang Tian, Guohua Gong | | Biomolecules. 2021; 11(5): 711 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 82 |
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Antibody-Functionalised, PEGylated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Ischemic Stroke Intervention |
|
| Patrick P. Komane, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara | | Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(9): 1357 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 83 |
Detection of Lung Cancer Cells in Solutions Using a Terahertz Chemical Microscope |
|
| Yuichi Yoshida, Xue Ding, Kohei Iwatsuki, Katsuya Taniizumi, Hirofumi Inoue, Jin Wang, Kenji Sakai, Toshihiko Kiwa | | Sensors. 2021; 21(22): 7631 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 84 |
Best practices of handling, processing, and interpretation of small intestinal biopsies for the diagnosis and management of celiac disease: A joint consensus of Indian association of pathologists and microbiologists and Indian society of gastroenterology |
|
| Prasenjit Das, Kim Vaiphei, AnjaliD Amarapurkar, Puja Sakhuja, Ritambhra Nada, RoopaRachel Paulose, Rachana Chaturvedi, Anuradha Sekaran, Usha Kini, Archana Rastogi, Niraj Kumari, Anna Pulimood, Mala Banerjee, Prateek Kinra, Lavleen Singh, AmarenderSingh Puri, Ganesh Pai, Rakesh Kochhar, GopalKrishna Dhali, BS Ramakrishna, Ajit Sood, UdayChand Ghoshal, Vineet Ahuja, Siddhartha DattaGupta, GovindK Makharia, Vatsala Misra | | Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. 2021; 64(5): 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 85 |
Stable Isotope Mixing Models Are Biased by the Choice of Sample Preservation and Pre-treatment: Implications for Studies of Aquatic Food Webs |
|
| Marc J. Silberberger, Katarzyna Koziorowska-Makuch, Karol Kulinski, Monika Kedra | | Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021; 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 86 |
Antibody Identification for Antigen Detection in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Using Phage Display and Naďve Libraries |
|
| Célestine Mairaville, Pierre Martineau | | Antibodies. 2021; 10(1): 4 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 87 |
Uncovering the genomic and metagenomic research potential in old ethanol-preserved snakes |
|
| Claus M. Zacho, Martina A. Bager, Ashot Margaryan, Peter Gravlund, Anders Galatius, Arne R. Rasmussen, Morten E. Allentoft, Christopher M. Somers | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(8): e0256353 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 88 |
A guidebook for DISCO tissue clearing |
|
| Muge Molbay, Zeynep Ilgin Kolabas, Mihail Ivilinov Todorov, Tzu-Lun Ohn, Ali Ertürk | | Molecular Systems Biology. 2021; 17(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 89 |
Gamma-Irradiated Fowl Cholera Mucosal Vaccine: Potential Vaccine Candidate for Safe and Effective Immunization of Chicken Against Fowl Cholera |
|
| Bereket Dessalegn, Molalegne Bitew, Destaw Asfaw, Esraa Khojaly, Saddam Mohammed Ibrahim, Takele Abayneh, Esayas Gelaye, Hermann Unger, Viskam Wijewardana | | Frontiers in Immunology. 2021; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 90 |
Sample preparation for Raman microspectroscopy |
|
| I. J. Jahn, L. Lehniger, K. Weber, D. Cialla-May, J. Popp | | Physical Sciences Reviews. 2020; 5(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 91 |
Formalin Fixation of Human Healthy Autopsied Tissues: The Influence of Type of Tissue, Temperature and Incubation Time on the Quality of Isolated DNA |
|
| Danijela Todorovic, Katarina Vitosevic, Milos Todorovic, Zivana Slovic | | Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2020; 21(4): 307 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 92 |
Quantitative Impact of Cell Membrane Fluorescence Labeling on Phagocytosis Measurements in Confrontation Assays |
|
| Zoltan Cseresnyes, Mohamed I. Abdelwahab Hassan, Hans-Martin Dahse, Kerstin Voigt, Marc Thilo Figge | | Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020; 11 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 93 |
2019 Practice guidelines for thyroid core needle biopsy: a report of the Clinical Practice Guidelines Development Committee of the Korean Thyroid Association |
|
| Chan Kwon Jung, Jung Hwan Baek, Dong Gyu Na, Young Lyun Oh, Ka Hee Yi, Ho-Cheol Kang | | Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine. 2020; 54(1): 64 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 94 |
A technical review and guide to RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization |
|
| Alexander P. Young, Daniel J. Jackson, Russell C. Wyeth | | PeerJ. 2020; 8: e8806 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 95 |
Histomorphological Assessment of Formalin versus Nonformalin Fixatives in Diagnostic Surgical Pathology |
|
| Jayaprakash Kubalady Shetty, Hannah Fathima Babu, Kishan Prasad Hosapatna Laxminarayana | | Journal of Laboratory Physicians. 2020; 12(04): 271 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 96 |
Magnetic Resonance Microscopy at Cellular Resolution and Localised Spectroscopy of Medicago truncatula at 22.3 Tesla |
|
| Remco van Schadewijk, Julia R. Krug, Defeng Shen, Karthick B. S. Sankar Gupta, Frank J. Vergeldt, Ton Bisseling, Andrew G. Webb, Henk Van As, Aldrik H. Velders, Huub J. M. de Groot, A. Alia | | Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 97 |
Investigation of the response of tear-film neutrophils to interleukin 8 and their sensitivity to centrifugation, fixation, and incubation |
|
| Yutong Jin, Lyndon Jones, Maud Gorbet | | Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 98 |
Experimental models and methods for cutaneous wound healing assessment |
|
| Daniela S. Masson-Meyers, Thiago A. M. Andrade, Guilherme F. Caetano, Francielle R. Guimaraes, Marcel N. Leite, Saulo N. Leite, Marco Andrey C. Frade | | International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 2020; 101(1-2): 21 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 99 |
Acoustic Cell Separation Based on Density and Mechanical Properties |
|
| Yuliang Xie, Zhangming Mao, Hunter Bachman, Peng Li, Peiran Zhang, Liqiang Ren, Mengxi Wu, Tony Jun Huang | | Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2020; 142(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 100 |
Suspected Spontaneous Aqueous Humor Misdirection Syndrome in a Boston Terrier |
|
| Ashley E. Zibura, Michael G. Davidson, Hans D. Westermeyer | | Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 101 |
Sampling and Evaluating the Peripheral Nervous System |
|
| Mark T. Butt | | Toxicologic Pathology. 2020; 48(1): 10 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 102 |
Various cross-linking methods inhibit the collagenase I degradation of rabbit scleral tissue |
|
| Konstantin Krasselt, Cornelius Frommelt, Robert Brunner, Franziska Georgia Rauscher, Mike Francke, Nicole Körber | | BMC Ophthalmology. 2020; 20(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 103 |
Characterization of the SIM-A9 cell line as a model of activated microglia in the context of neuropathic pain |
|
| Kandarp M. Dave, Lalah Ali, Devika S. Manickam, Carla Lucini | | PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(4): e0231597 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 104 |
Single cell ICP-MS using on line sample introduction systems: Current developments and remaining challenges |
|
| M. Corte-Rodríguez, R. Álvarez-Fernández, P. García-Cancela, M. Montes-Bayón, J. Bettmer | | TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2020; 132: 116042 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 105 |
Assessment of Aptamer-Targeted Contrast Agents for Monitoring of Blood Clots in Computed Tomography and Fluoroscopy Imaging |
|
| Anna Koudrina, Jonathan O’Brien, Roberto Garcia, Spencer Boisjoli, Peter T. M. Kan, Eve C. Tsai, Maria C. DeRosa | | Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2020; 31(12): 2737 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 106 |
Photostabilization of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis modified by formaldehyde |
|
| Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh, Gun Gun Gumilar, Chindiar Rizka Alifia, Meganita Marthania, Bianca Stellasary, Galuh Yuliani, Asri Peni Wulandari, Isman Kurniawan, Rahmat Hidayat, Andriati Ningrum, Apurav Krishna Koyande, Pau-Loke Show | | Process Biochemistry. 2020; 94: 297 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 107 |
Fixed versus live endothelial cells: The effect of glutaraldehyde fixation manifested by characteristic bands on the Raman spectra of cells |
|
| E. Bik, A. Dorosz, L. Mateuszuk, M. Baranska, K. Majzner | | Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2020; 240: 118460 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 108 |
Formalin-preserved zooplankton are not reliable for historical reconstructions of methylmercury bioaccumulation |
|
| Wesley W. Huffman, Hans G. Dam, Robert P. Mason, Zofia Baumann | | Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 738: 139803 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 109 |
The effects of decomposition and environment on antemortem H-Pb-Sr isotope compositions and degradation of human scalp hair: Actualistic taphonomic observations |
|
| Lisette M. Kootker, Isabella C.C. von Holstein, Jelle Broeders, Daniel J. Wescott, Gareth R. Davies, Hayley L. Mickleburgh | | Forensic Science International. 2020; 312: 110336 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 110 |
Reprint of: The effects of decomposition and environment on antemortem H-Pb-Sr isotope compositions and degradation of human scalp hair: Actualistic taphonomic observations |
|
| Lisette M. Kootker, Isabella C.C. von Holstein, Jelle Broeders, Daniel J. Wescott, Gareth R. Davies, Hayley L. Mickleburgh | | Forensic Science International. 2020; 317: 110463 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 111 |
Unraveling human adult hippocampal neurogenesis |
|
| Miguel Flor-García, Julia Terreros-Roncal, Elena P. Moreno-Jiménez, Jesús Ávila, Alberto Rábano, María Llorens-Martín | | Nature Protocols. 2020; 15(2): 668 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 112 |
Quantitative analysis of intervertebral disc degeneration using Q-space imaging in a rat model |
|
| Daisuke Nakashima, Nobuyuki Fujita, Junichi Hata, Yuji Komaki, Satoshi Suzuki, Takeo Nagura, Kanehiro Fujiyoshi, Kota Watanabe, Takashi Tsuji, Hideyuki Okano, Masahiro Jinzaki, Morio Matsumoto, Masaya Nakamura | | Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2020; 38(10): 2220 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 113 |
Effects of fixatives on stable isotopes of fish muscle tissue: implications for trophic studies on preserved specimens |
|
| L. M. Durante, A. J. M. Sabadel, R. D. Frew, T. Ingram, S. R. Wing | | Ecological Applications. 2020; 30(4) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 114 |
A new approach for examining the neurovascular structure with phalloidin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat cranial dura mater |
|
| Jia Wang, Dongsheng Xu, Jingjing Cui, Shuya Wang, Chen She, Hui Wang, Shuang Wu, Jianliang Zhang, Bing Zhu, Wanzhu Bai | | Journal of Molecular Histology. 2020; 51(5): 541 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 115 |
Endogenous Fluorescence Dissimilarity Assessment of Four Potential Biomarkers of Early Liver Fibrosis by Preservation Media Effect |
|
| Enoch Gutierrez-Herrera, Celia Sánchez-Pérez, Adolfo Perez-Garcia, Miguel A. Padilla-Castaneda, Walfre Franco, Joselín Hernández-Ruiz | | Journal of Fluorescence. 2020; 30(2): 249 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 116 |
An optimised chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method for starchy leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana to study histone modifications of an allotetraploid plant |
|
| Buddhini Ranawaka, Milos Tanurdzic, Peter Waterhouse, Fatima Naim | | Molecular Biology Reports. 2020; 47(12): 9499 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 117 |
Micro-indentation and optical coherence tomography for the mechanical characterization of embryos: Experimental setup and measurements on chicken embryos |
|
| Marica Marrese, Nelda Antonovaite, Ben K.A. Nelemans, Theodoor H. Smit, Davide Iannuzzi | | Acta Biomaterialia. 2019; 97: 524 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 118 |
Unlocking bone for proteomic analysis and FISH |
|
| Claudius Mueller, Marco Gambarotti, Stefania Benini, Piero Picci, Alberto Righi, Monica Stevanin, Sabine Hombach-Klonisch, Dana Henderson, Lance Liotta, Virginia Espina | | Laboratory Investigation. 2019; 99(5): 708 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 119 |
Development of a Robust Ultrasonic-Based Sample Treatment To Unravel the Proteome of OCT-Embedded Solid Tumor Biopsies |
|
| Susana Jorge, José L. Capelo, William LaFramboise, Rajiv Dhir, Carlos Lodeiro, Hugo M. Santos | | Journal of Proteome Research. 2019; 18(7): 2979 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 120 |
Topical therapeutic corneal and scleral tissue cross-linking solutions: in vitro formaldehyde release studies using cosmetic preservatives |
|
| Anna Takaoka, Kerry Cao, Eric M. Oste, Takayuki Nagasaki, David C. Paik | | Bioscience Reports. 2019; 39(5) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 121 |
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of treatment-induced apoptosis |
|
| Xiaoyu Jiang, Eliot T. McKinley, Jingping Xie, Hua Li, Junzhong Xu, John C. Gore | | Scientific Reports. 2019; 9(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 122 |
Aloe vera and lemon juice capability in decreasing formaldehyde content in tofu sumedang with cold storaging |
|
| C Daniela, H Rusmarilin, H Sinaga | | IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 260(1): 012089 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 123 |
First evidence of octacalcium [email protected] nanocomplex as skeletal bone component directing collagen triple–helix nanofibril mineralization |
|
| Paul Simon, Daniel Grüner, Hartmut Worch, Wolfgang Pompe, Hannes Lichte, Thaqif El Khassawna, Christian Heiss, Sabine Wenisch, Rüdiger Kniep | | Scientific Reports. 2018; 8(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 124 |
Label-Free Quantification of Small-Molecule Binding to Membrane Proteins on Single Cells by Tracking Nanometer-Scale Cellular Membrane Deformation |
|
| Fenni Zhang, Wenwen Jing, Ashley Hunt, Hui Yu, Yunze Yang, Shaopeng Wang, Hong-Yuan Chen, Nongjian Tao | | ACS Nano. 2018; 12(2): 2056 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 125 |
Life Under the Microscope: Quantifying Live Cell Interactions to Improve Nanoscale Drug Delivery |
|
| Angus P. R. Johnston | | ACS Sensors. 2017; 2(1): 4 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 126 |
A novel immuno-gold labeling protocol for nanobody-based detection of HER2 in breast cancer cells using immuno-electron microscopy |
|
| M. Kijanka, E.G. van Donselaar, W.H. Müller, B. Dorresteijn, D. Popov-Celeketic, M. el Khattabi, C.T. Verrips, P.M.P. van Bergen en Henegouwen, J.A. Post | | Journal of Structural Biology. 2017; 199(1): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 127 |
Nanoescapology: progress toward understanding the endosomal escape of polymeric nanoparticles |
|
| Laura I. Selby, Christina M. Cortez-Jugo, Georgina K. Such, Angus P.R. Johnston | | WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology. 2017; 9(5) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 128 |
Antibody Preparations from Human Transchromosomic Cows Exhibit Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus |
|
| Christina L. Gardner, Chengqun Sun, Thomas Luke, Kanakatte Raviprakash, Hua Wu, Jin-an Jiao, Eddie Sullivan, Douglas S. Reed, Kate D. Ryman, William B. Klimstra, Douglas S. Lyles | | Journal of Virology. 2017; 91(14) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 129 |
Comparison of antibacterial effects among three foams used with negative pressure wound therapy in an ex vivo equine perfused wound model |
|
| Lore L. Van Hecke, Maarten Haspeslagh, Katleen Hermans, Ann M. Martens | | American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2016; 77(12): 1325 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 130 |
Chemical Tools for Dissecting the Role of lncRNAs in Epigenetic Regulation |
|
| Sarah Nainar, Chao Feng, Robert C. Spitale | | ACS Chemical Biology. 2016; 11(8): 2091 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 131 |
Addition of lysophospholipids with large head groups to cells inhibits Shiga toxin binding |
|
| Ieva Ailte, Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem, Simona Kavaliauskiene, Jonas Bergan, Audun Sverre Kvalvaag, Anne-Grethe Myrann, Tore Skotland, Kirsten Sandvig | | Scientific Reports. 2016; 6(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 132 |
Protein characterization of intracellular target-sorted, formalin-fixed cell subpopulations |
|
| Jessica S. Sadick, Molly E. Boutin, Diane Hoffman-Kim, Eric M. Darling | | Scientific Reports. 2016; 6(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 133 |
Inflation-Fixation Method for Lipidomic Mapping of Lung Biopsies by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization–Mass Spectrometry Imaging |
|
| Claire L. Carter, Jace W. Jones, Ann M. Farese, Thomas J. MacVittie, Maureen A. Kane | | Analytical Chemistry. 2016; 88(9): 4788 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 134 |
A sunblock based on bioadhesive nanoparticles |
|
| Yang Deng, Asiri Ediriwickrema, Fan Yang, Julia Lewis, Michael Girardi, W. Mark Saltzman | | Nature Materials. 2015; 14(12): 1278 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 135 |
A Rapid Extraction Method for Glycogen from Formalin-fixed Liver |
|
| Mitchell A. Sullivan,Shihan Li,Samuel T.N. Aroney,Bin Deng,Cheng Li,Eugeni Roura,Benjamin L. Schulz,Brooke E. Harcourt,Josephine M. Forbes,Robert G. Gilbert | | Carbohydrate Polymers. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 136 |
Protocol: a fast and simple in situ PCR method for localising gene expression in plant tissue |
|
| Asmini Athman,Sandra K Tanz,Vanessa M Conn,Charlotte Jordans,Gwenda M Mayo,Weng W Ng,Rachel A Burton,Simon J Conn,Matthew Gilliham | | Plant Methods. 2014; 10(1): 29 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 137 |
Interactions of peptide triazole thiols with Env gp120 induce irreversible breakdown and inactivation of HIV-1 virions |
|
| Arangassery Rosemary Bastian, Mark Contarino, Lauren D Bailey, Rachna Aneja, Diogo Rodrigo Magalhaes Moreira, Kevin Freedman, Karyn McFadden, Caitlin Duffy, Ali Emileh, George Leslie, Jeffrey M Jacobson, James A Hoxie, Irwin Chaiken | | Retrovirology. 2013; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 138 |
Pharmacokinetic modeling as an approach to assessing the safety of residual formaldehyde in infant vaccines |
|
| Mitkus, R.J. and Hess, M.A. and Schwartz, S.L. | | Vaccine. 2013; 31(25): 2738-2743 | | [Pubmed] | | | 139 |
Interactions of peptide triazole thiols with Env gp120 induce irreversible breakdown and inactivation of HIV-1 virions |
|
| Bastian, A.R., Contarino, M., Bailey, L.D., Hoxie, J.A., Chaiken, I. | | Retrovirology. 2013; 10(1): 153 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
