REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2022 | Volume
: 26 | Issue : 4 | Page : 524--533
Expression sites of immunohistochemistry markers in oral diseases – A scoping review
Rebekah C Prabakaran, J Beryl Rachel, Gururaj N Rao, A Alagu Vennila, S Deenul Fathima, MK Keerthik Lavanya
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, C. S. I. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Correspondence Address:
Rebekah C Prabakaran
C. S. I. College of Dental Sciences and Research Madurai, 129, CMH Compound, East Veli Street, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India
Abstract
Introduction: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has not always been an easy field for the research beginners like postgraduates, research fellows and scientists. Meaningful interpretation of IHC positivity needs expertise. This could be made easier for beginners by developing a conceptual framework of markers. The literature review revealed a lack of qualitative evidence on the hitherto IHC studies on oral diseases about the overall expression of IHC markers and its comparison with pathology and normal tissues.
Aim: This scoping review aimed to examine the literature and classify the various immunohistochemistry markers of oral diseases based on the tissue, cell and site of expression.
Materials and Methods: The review was in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for scoping reviews (PRISMA -ScR). Electronic databases such as PubMed and Cochrane were searched for relevant articles till 2021.
Results: We included 43 articles. We found five different possibilities of the site of expression of a marker in a cell. They are the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, extracellular matrix or any of the above combinations. Based on the tissue of expression, we also mapped the markers expressed in oral diseases to their tissue of origin as ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm and markers with multiple tissues of expression. Based on our results, we derived two classifications that give an overview of the expression of IHC markers in oral diseases.
Conclusion: This scoping review derived new insight into the classification of IHC markers based on cell lineage, tissue and site of expression. This would enable a beginner to better understand a marker with its application and the interpretation of the staining in research. This could also serve as a beginner's guide for any researcher to thrive and explore the IHC world.
How to cite this article:
Prabakaran RC, Rachel J B, Rao GN, Vennila A A, Fathima S D, Keerthik Lavanya M K. Expression sites of immunohistochemistry markers in oral diseases – A scoping review.J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2022;26:524-533
|
How to cite this URL:
Prabakaran RC, Rachel J B, Rao GN, Vennila A A, Fathima S D, Keerthik Lavanya M K. Expression sites of immunohistochemistry markers in oral diseases – A scoping review. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Apr 1 ];26:524-533
Available from: https://www.jomfp.in/text.asp?2022/26/4/524/364806 |
Full Text
Introduction
Most practitioners, including beginners in pathology and research, are familiar with Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and its applications. Immunohistochemical markers are the various antibodies that are employed in IHC and the constant upgrading in the field of IHC has led to the surge of IHC markers in the past decades.[1] Although there are various diagnostic algorithms and classifications of IHC markers, the practical knowledge of any graduate or a beginner in terms of the interpretation of IHC positivity is of great concern. The most common grey area of any beginner while IHC slide interpretation would be, what are all the cells that can be positive for the IHC markers applied? And where to look for positivity (Nucleus/cytoplasm/cell membrane)? Our literature search revealed numerous immunohistochemical studies that discuss and classify the IHC markers[2],[3],[4] but none of them reviewed and classified the markers based on their site and tissue of expression. Hereby, we planned to study extensively the literature to understand the markers based on tissue of origin and site of expression and to classify them.
Aim and Objectives
We aimed to systematically review the literature and explore the IHC markers studied in oral diseases. Our objectives were to.
Compile the markers with their tissue, cell and site of expression in the normal and pathology.Classify and categorize the markers based on the tissue, cell and its site of expression in a cell.
Methodology
This scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA for scoping reviews [Figure 1]. Electronic databases such as PubMed and Cochrane were searched for studies with IHC markers expressed in oral diseases.{Figure 1}
Scoping review question
The topic of interest was the expression sites of IHC markers of oral diseases and the research question was:
What are the various expression sites (cell and tissue) of IHC markers of oral diseases? This research question encompasses the expression of IHC markers at various tissues of normal and oral pathologies with respect to their cell site of expression.
Search strategy
A team of six reviewers was involved in the review process. The various stages that were involved were the title and abstract screening, full-text retrieval, data extraction and data analysis. We used the Sample, Phenomena of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type (SPIDER) framework to identify the keywords in the review question. Once the keywords are ascertained, a table listing all the synonyms and MeSH terms were developed to guide the search. A Boolean search string was developed combining the plain text and MeSH terms as follows:(((Oral OR Dental) AND (Marker OR Immunomarker OR Biomarker OR Immunohistochemical Marker OR Tumour Marker)) AND (Expression OR Immunohistochemical demonstration OR Immunohistochemical localization OR Immunohistochemical characterization))).
Title and abstracts were screened for potentially eligible studies. An automation tool was used to remove the duplicates. Two independent reviewers read the full article for relevance to the research question. When found relevant, the interesting data were extracted.
Data extraction
Two authors extracted data from the selected articles. The collected data were entered in a data collection form in a standardized manner using Excel spreadsheets. Data were gathered on the first author, publication year, country and publication language and then the data required to answer our research question like the pathology studied, control (normal tissue) taken, markers applied, tissue, cell and site of expression markers in pathology, as well as in normal, were collected. The studies were categorized based on tissue of expression mapping to their embryologic origin. Later, each of the studies with IHC markers was analysed for the site of expression in the cell. The data analysis was undertaken by the fifth and sixth reviewers. Any discrepancies that were found were resolved by the sixth reviewer for a decision.
Inclusion criteria
The articles from PubMed and Cochrane databases that were in the year between 1992 and 2021, English language, original research, observational study, clinical study and randomized control trials in humans were considered for inclusion. Studies with IHC markers studied on human oral diseases that mention the tissue, cell and site of expression of markers.
Exclusion criteria
Reviews, reports, letters to the editor and studies with methods other than IHC such as ELISA, western blot, FISH, cell culture and study duplicates were excluded. Also, the unavailable full-text articles, articles that do not discuss the site of expression of markers, and articles with repeated markers were excluded.
Results
The primary search using the Boolean search string generated 23,186 articles, which were published between 1992 and 2021. When the filters such as original research, observational study, clinical study and randomized control trials in humans were applied, 9910 articles were generated and they were considered for screening. Using an automation tool, all the 9910 articles were screened for the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In this stage, we excluded (n = 6485) and duplicate studies (n = 12), and only 3413 articles were included for the full-text retrieval. Out of them, only 2961 articles were available as full text. All the 2961 full-text articles were read thoroughly for the markers used, and their tissue, cell and site of expression in the cell were noted. Among the 2961 articles, 774 articles were excluded as they did not mention/discuss the site of expression. Thus, we obtained 2187 articles and further observed that multiple studies studied the same marker in various pathologies. Therefore, we choose 43 studies with representative markers under each category and excluded the rest 2144 studies [Figure 1]. The time needed for the completion of the scoping review was approximately 8 months.
All 43 studies were analysed for the expression characteristics of markers such as the tissue, cell and the site of expression in a cell in the pathology as well as in the control tissues [Table 1]. A total of 46 IHC markers that represent each category were analysed. Out of them, 3 were categorized under Primitive Germ cell markers, 14 markers were expressed in ectodermal/endodermal derived oral tissues such as epithelium (3), nerve (2), bone and cartilage (1), melanocyte (3), mesenchyme (2), Muscle (2) and Dentin (1), and another 10 were expressed in mesodermal-derived structures such as Tongue Muscle (2) myeloid (3), lymphoid (3) and endothelial (2). Later, there were 19 markers expressed by multiple tissues structures of various tissue of origin namely Adult stem cell markers (1), nuclear membrane markers (1), nucleolar marker (1), chromatin marker (1), genetic markers (1), Cell cycle markers (1), apoptotic markers (1), enzymes (2), transmembrane markers (1), cell surface/adhesion markers (2), cytokine marker (1) calcium-binding proteins (1), cytoplasmic inclusions (1), cytoplasmic organelle (1) and extracellular markers. (3) [Table 1].{Table 1}
Discussion
The Success of an immunohistochemical diagnosis depends on the thorough knowledge of the various markers, their cell lineage and site of expression to apply in the field of research and clinical diagnosis. Although there are numerous classifications of IHC markers based on the cell types, biochemical class, diagnostic relevance and so on,[2],[3],[4] none of them discuss and classify the markers based on the tissue, cell and site of expression which would be useful for a beginner. Based on the tissue expression of the IHC marker and its cell lineage, we have classified the markers under four broad categories. They are the markers that are expressed in the tissues that are of:
Primitive germ cell originEctodermal origin: Oral epithelium and cranial neural crest cells derivative CNCs give rise to two main structures called Ectomesenchymal and non-ectomesenchymal structures.[45]
Tissues such as oro-facial bone, cartilage, muscle, ligament, fascia, tendon, fat,[46] dentin, pulp[47] and mesenchyme[46],[48] are ectomesenchymal derivatives of CNC. Whereas, the orofacial neurons and melanocytes are the non-ectomesenchymal derivative of CNCs.[49] The oral epithelium is majorly ectodermal in origin. This includes the epithelium of lips, floor of the mouth, gingiva and cheeks.[50] Also, recent studies have proposed that all the major salivary glands and epithelium of the anterior tongue and fungiform papillae and hard palate are of ectodermal origin.[45],[51] The minor mucosal salivary glands are of both ectodermal and endodermal origins.[45]
Endodermal origin: Epithelium of the posterior third of the tongue, floor of the mouth, palatoglossal folds and the soft palate,[51] circumvallate and foliate papillae[45] and Minor lingual salivary glands.[45]Mesodermal origin: From the paraxial mesoderm derivatives like tongue muscles[52] and endothelial cells,[47],[48] and the hematopoietic stem cells, myeloid cells and lymphoid cells.[53]Expression in multiple tissues: Markers such as cytokines, enzymes, collagen and fibronectin have multiple tissue structures that can express these markers.
Based on the site of expression in a cell, the markers expressed in various tissues/cell lineages were broadly classified as.
Intracellular markers and 2. Extracellular markers.
The intracellular markers mainly constitute
The cell surface markers, constituting the Surface receptors, Cell membrane and vesicular transport markers, Cell adhesion markers.The protoplasmic markers are subcategorized into the Cytoplasmic and nuclear markers.
The ECM markers[54],[55] constitute
The ground substance markers andThe Basement membrane markers.
Thus, from our wide review, we have attempted to classify the IHC Marker studied in oral diseases based on the tissue, cell and their site of expression in the cell, mapping to their embryological origin. This classification was made for an easier, better understanding and remembrance of IHC markers for a beginner [Figure 2] and [Figure 3].{Figure 2}{Figure 3}
In the present review, the following facts were observed:
The site of expression of IHC markers can be cellular or extracellular. In cellular, it can be expressed in the nucleus, cytoplasm or Cell membrane or it could be in a combination of these sites. Example: p53 expressed in the nucleus,[31] CK 20 in the cytoplasm,[9] CEA in cell membrane,[6] S100A16 in cytoplasm and cell membrane[39] and Oct 4 in Cytoplasm and nucleus.[5] In extracellular, it is expressed in the basement membrane or the ground substance. Example: Type IV collagen in basement membrane[42] and HS-GAG expression at the submucosally,[43] that is, ground substance.The site of expression of one particular marker can vary between normal and pathologic tissue. For example, BCL 10 in PSS expression is at nucleus while in tonsil and lymph nodes, it expresses at cytoplasm,[33] OSMF expression of E-cadherin is at CM and C but in a normal mucosa, it is expressed in Cytoplasm[7] (pAMPK), and (pACC) in pathology is expressed in the cytoplasm and in normal mucosa, it is expressed in the nucleus.[35]Few IHC markers are expressed only in pathology and do not show positivity in normal tissue. For example, CEA shows cell membrane expression in Oral epithelial dysplasia, and OSCC but shows negative expression in normal mucosa.[56] Osteopontin (OPN) shows cytoplasmic expression in OSCC but is faintly detected in the epithelium of oral mucosa or gingiva.[38]Expression of one particular marker by tissues of multiple cell lineages. For example, inflammatory markers having their cell lineages from hematopoietic stem cells are found to be infiltrated in structures of various tissues of origin.[46]A tumour of one particular tissue of origin could be positive for markers of other tissue of the same or different cell lineage. For example, OSCC – an epithelial neoplasm of ectodermal origin shows positivity for vimentin.[7] Vimentin is expressed by mesenchymal tissue of the oral cavity. The source of mesenchymal cells in the head and neck is ectoderm whereas in the trunk, it is from mesoderm.A marker may be expressed by different types of cells. For example, Vimentin is expressed by squamous epithelial cells of OSCC,[7] tumour cells of PLGA[16] and connective tissue cells of the buccal mucosa.[7]Many IHC markers can be positive for a particular pathology. For example, S100,[39] Osteopontin[38] positive in OSCC.
Our review is the first of its kind to classify and enumerate the expression of oral biomarkers based on tissue, cell and site of expression in a cell with the comparison between pathology and normal tissue. This classification can serve as a beginner's guide during IHC interpretation. Since it is a scoping review, it does not provide a complete list of oral biomarkers. Our classification and categorization of markers under tissue, cell and its site of expression in a cell is based on its expression in normal tissue and not based on the pathology in which it is expressed. In the future, a complete list of oral biomarkers with their expression in pathology and normal tissue, specific to tissue, cell and site of expression in a cell can be compiled.
Conclusion
In this scoping review, we have derived a classification of IHC markers of oral diseases based on the tissue, cell and site of expression, mapping to their embryological origin. This classification can aid a beginner in the selection, prompt application and interpretation of the IHC markers during diagnosis and research. Thus, we conclude that the IHC markers expressed in various tissues are either directly or indirectly linked with the embryological development of that particular tissue. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of embryology is imperative to fully comprehend the various concepts in IHC.
Authors contribution
All the authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Data collection and analysis were performed by the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors. The first draft of the manuscript was written by the first, second, and third author and all the others commented on the previous version of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript. All the authors agree to be accountable for all the aspects of the work in ensuring the questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References
| 1 | Duraiyan J, Govindarajan R, Kaliyappan K, Palanisamy M. Applications of immunohistochemistry. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2012;4(Suppl 2):S307-9. |
| 2 | Nagpal M, Singh S, Singh P, Chauhan P, Zaidi MA. Tumor markers: A diagnostic tool. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2016;7:17-20. |
| 3 | Malati T. Tumour markers: An overview. Indian J Clin Biochem 2007;22:17-31. |
| 4 | Rajguru JP, Mouneshkumar CD, Radhakrishnan IC, Negi BS, Maya D, Hajibabaei S, et al. Tumor markers in oral cancer: A review. J Family Med Prim Care 2020;9:492-6. |
| 5 | Destro Rodrigues MF, Sedassari BT, Esteves CM, de Andrade NP, Altemani A, de Sousa SC, et al. Embryonic stem cells markers Oct4 and Nanog correlate with perineural invasion in human salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2017;46:112-20. |
| 6 | Wang FF, Guan BX, Yang JY, Wang HT, Zhou CJ. CEACAM1 is overexpressed in oral tumors and related to tumorigenesis. Med Mol Morphol 2017;50:42-51. |
| 7 | Balasundaram P, Singh MK, Dinda AK, Thakar A, Yadav R. Study of β-catenin, E-cadherin and vimentin in oral squamous cell carcinoma with and without lymph node metastases. Diagn Pathol 2014;9:145. doi: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-145. |
| 8 | Ferreira JC, Morais MO, Elias MR, Batista AC, Leles CR, Mendonça EF. Pleomorphic adenoma of oral minor salivary glands: An investigation of its neoplastic potential based on apoptosis, mucosecretory activity and cellular proliferation. Arch Oral Biol 2014;59:578-85. |
| 9 | Gao HW, Ho JY, Lee HS, Yu CP. The presence of Merkel cells and CD10- and CD34-positive stromal cells compared in benign and malignant oral tumors. Oral Dis 2009;15:259-64. |
| 10 | Gnepp DR, el-Mofty S. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma: Glial fibrillary acidic protein staining in the differential diagnosis with cellular mixed tumors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:691-5. |
| 11 | Nankivell P, Williams H, McConkey C, Webster K, High A, MacLennan K, et al. Tetraspanins CD9 and CD151, epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 expression predict malignant progression in oral epithelial dysplasia. Br J Cancer 2013;109:2864-74. |
| 12 | El Achkar VNR, Medeiros RDS, Longue FG, Anbinder AL, Kaminagakura E. The role of Osterix protein in the pathogenesis of peripheral ossifying fibroma. Braz Oral Res 2017;31:e53. |
| 13 | Zeng J, Quan J, Xia X. Transient transfection of macrophage migration inhibitory factor small interfering RNA disrupts the biological behavior of oral squamous carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016;13:174-80. |
| 14 | de-Andrade BA, Toral-Rizo VH, León JE, Contreras E, Carlos R, Delgado-Azañero W, et al. Primary oral melanoma: A histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 22 cases of Latin America. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012;17:e383-8. |
| 15 | Vered M, Dayan D, Yahalom R, Dobriyan A, Barshack I, Bello I, et al.Cancer-associated fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in metastatic oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010;12:1356-62. |
| 16 | Sedassari BT, Dos Santos HT, Pigatti FM, Martins Mussi MC, Tobouti PL, Altemani A, et al. Doing more with less: The challenging diagnosis of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma in incisional biopsy samples. Histopathology 2016;68:1046-54. |
| 17 | Matsuzaki Y, Watabe Y, Enatsu K, Shigematsu S, Shibahara T. Actinin-4 expression predicts poor disease-free survival and correlates with delayed lymph node metastasis in patients with completely resected oral squamous cell carcinoma. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 2020;61:179-86. |
| 18 | Smitha A, Rao K, Umadevi HS, Smitha T, Sheethal HS, Vidya MA. Immunohistochemical study of α-smooth muscle actin expression in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019;23:59-64. |
| 19 | Ogbureke KU, Abdelsayed RA, Kushner H, Li L, Fisher LW. Two members of the SIBLING family of proteins, DSPP and BSP, may predict the transition of oral epithelial dysplasia to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2010;116:1709-17. |
| 20 | Salgueiredo-Giudice F, Fornias-Sperandio F, Martins-Pereira E, da Costa dal Vechio AM, de Sousa SC, dos Santos-Pinto-Junior D. The immunohistochemical profile of oral inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;111:749-56. |
| 21 | Sánchez-Romero C, Bologna-Molina R, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Paes de Almeida O. Immunohistochemical expression of GLUT-1 and HIF-1α in tooth germ, ameloblastoma, and ameloblastic carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2016;24:410-8. |
| 22 | Hazzaa HH, Gouda OM, Kamal NM, Ali SAM, El Shiekh MAM, Tawfik MM. Expression of CD163 in hereditary gingival fibromatosis: A possible association with TGF-β1. J Oral Pathol Med 2018;47:286-92. |
| 23 | Sargolzaei S, Taghavi N, Poursafar F. Are CD68 and factor VIII-RA expression different in central and peripheral giant cell granuloma of jaw: An immunohistochemical comparative study. Turk Patoloji Derg 2017;1:49-56. |
| 24 | Peterle GT, Santos M, Mendes SO, Carvalho-Neto PB, Maia LL, Stur E, et al. FAS ligand expression in inflammatory infiltrate lymphoid cells as a prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Genet Mol Res 2015;14:11145-53. |
| 25 | Aqrawi LA, Skarstein K, Øijordsbakken G, Brokstad KA. Ro52- and Ro60-specific B cell pattern in the salivary glands of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2013;172:228-37. |
| 26 | Anura A, Conjeti S, Das RK, Pal M, Paul RR, Bag S, et al. Computer-aided molecular pathology interpretation in exploring prospective markers for oral submucous fibrosis progression. Head Neck 2016;38:653-9. |
| 27 | Marioni G, Marino F, Giacomelli L, Staffieri C, Mariuzzi ML, Violino E, et al. Endoglin expression is associated with poor oncologic outcome in oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 2006;126:633-9. |
| 28 | Rachidi SM, Qin T, Sun S, Zheng WJ, Li Z. Molecular profiling of multiple human cancers defines an inflammatory cancer-associated molecular pattern and uncovers KPNA2 as a uniform poor prognostic cancer marker. PLoS One 2013;8:e57911. |
| 29 | Li HG, Han JJ, Huang ZQ, Wang L, Chen WL, Shen XM. IMP3 is a novel biomarker to predict metastasis and prognosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Craniofac Surg 2011;22:2022-5. |
| 30 | de Souza PE, Paim JF, Carvalhais JN, Gomez RS. Immunohistochemical expression of p53, MDM2, Ki-67 and PCNA in central giant cell granuloma and giant cell tumor. J Oral Pathol Med 1999;28:54-8. |
| 31 | Rosado P, Lequerica-Fernández P, Peña I, Alonso-Durán L, de Vicente JC. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, high FAK expression is correlated with low P53 expression. Virchows Arch 2012;461:163-8. |
| 32 | Kumamoto H, Kimi K, Ooya K. Detection of cell cycle-related factors in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2001;30:309-15. |
| 33 | Gatumu MK, Jonsson MV, Øijordsbakken G, Skarstein K. Nuclear BCL10 in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Oral Pathol Med 2009;38:501-7. |
| 34 | Angadi PV, Krishnapillai R. Evaluation of PTEN immunoexpression in oral submucous fibrosis: Role in pathogenesis and malignant transformation. Head Neck Pathol 2012;6:314-21. |
| 35 | Su YW, Lin YH, Pai MH, Lo AC, Lee YC, Fang IC, et al. Association between phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase expression and outcome in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PLoS One 2014;9:e96183. |
| 36 | Gomes da Silva W, Ribeiro Bartholomeu Dos Santos TC, Cabral MG, Azevedo RS, Pires FR. Clinicopathologic analysis and syndecan-1 and Ki-67 expression in calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors, dentinogenic ghost cell tumor, and ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014;117:626-633. |
| 37 | Upadhaya P, Barhoi D, Giri A, Bhattacharjee A, Giri S. Joint detection of claudin-1 and junctional adhesion molecule-A as a therapeutic target in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2019;120:18117-27. |
| 38 | Routray S, Kheur SM, Kheur M. Osteopontin: A marker for invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma but not for potentially malignant epithelial dysplasias. Ann Diagn Pathol 2013;17:421-4. |
| 39 | Sapkota D, Bruland O, Parajuli H, Osman TA, Teh MT, Johannessen AC, et al. S100A16 promotes differentiation and contributes to a less aggressive tumor phenotype in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015;15:631. |
| 40 | Honjo Y, Inohara H, Akahani S, Yoshii T, Takenaka Y, Yoshida J, et al. Expression of cytoplasmic galectin-3 as a prognostic marker in tongue carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:4635-40. |
| 41 | Dey KK, Pal I, Bharti R, Dey G, Kumar BN, Rajput S, et al. Identification of RAB2A and PRDX1 as the potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma using mass spectrometry-based comparative proteomic approach. Tumour Biol 2015;36:9829-37. |
| 42 | Papagerakis P, Peuchmaur M, Hotton D, Ferkdadji L, Delmas P, Sasaki S, et al. Aberrant gene expression in epithelial cells of mixed odontogenic tumors. J Dent Res 1999;78:20-30. |
| 43 | Mori S, Nose M, Morikawa H, Sato A, Saito T, Song ST, et al. A novel evaluation system of metastatic potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma according to the histopathological and histochemical grading. Oral Oncol 1998;34:549-57. |
| 44 | Luksic I, Suton P. Predictive markers for delayed lymph node metastases and survival in early- stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2017;39:694-701. |
| 45 | Rothova M, Thompson H, Lickert H, Tucker AS. Lineage tracing of the endoderm during oral development. Dev Dyn 2012;241:1183-91. |
| 46 | Billon N, Iannarelli P, Monteiro MC, Glavieux-Pardanaud C, Richardson WD, Kessaris N, et al. The generation of adipocytes by the neural crest. Development 2007;134:2283-92. |
| 47 | Kaucka M, Ivashkin E, Gyllborg D, Zikmund T, Tesarova M, Kaiser J, et al. Analysis of neural crest-derived clones reveals novel aspects of facial development. Sci Adv 2016;2:e1600060. |
| 48 | Isaac J, Nassif A, Asselin A, Taïhi I, Fohrer-Ting H, Klein C, et al. Involvement of neural crest and paraxial mesoderm in oral mucosal development and healing. Biomaterials 2018;172:41-53. |
| 49 | Blentic A, Tandon P, Payton S, Walshe J, Carney T, Kelsh RN, et al. The emergence of ectomesenchyme. Dev Dyn 2008;237:592-601. |
| 50 | Jones, K., Klein, O. Oral epithelial stem cells in tissue maintenance and disease: The first steps in a long journey. Int J Oral Sci 2013;5:121-9. |
| 51 | Hughes MW, Chuong CM. A mouthful of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:vii-viii. |
| 52 | Parada C, Han D, Chai Y. Molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms of tongue myogenesis. J Dent Res 2012;9:528-35. |
| 53 | Dzierzak E, Speck NA. Of lineage and legacy: The development of mammalian hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Immunol 2008;9:129-36. |
| 54 | Frantz C, Stewart KM, Weaver VM. The extracellular matrix at a glance. J Cell Sci 2010;123:4195-200. |
| 55 | Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Matrix modeling and remodeling: A biological interplay regulating tissue homeostasis and diseases. Matrix Biol 2019;75-76:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.matbio. 2018.08.007. |
| 56 | Sano K. Morphometric and immunohistochemical investigation of oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Shika Kiso Igakkai Zasshi 1989;31:436-52. |
|
