Malignancies are usually preceded by the presence of various paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS), which could be the indirect and/or remote effects of the metabolites produced by neoplastic cells. PNS manifested by oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, which is the most common head and neck malignancy, are highlighted in this review. Knowledge of the clinical spectrum of these syndromes will equip the oral physician for early diagnosis and management of these hidden malignancies, especially of the pharyngeal region.

Ageing processes are defined as those that increase the susceptibility of individuals, as they grow older, to the factors that eventually lead to death. It is a complex multi-factorial process, where several factors may interact simultaneously and may operate at many levels of functional organization. The heterogeneity of ageing phenotype among individuals of the same species and differences in longevity among species are due to the contribution of both genetic and environmental factors in shaping the life span. The various theories of ageing and their proposed roles are discussed in this review.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of routine Papanicolaou stain (PAP) and Silver stained Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNOR) staining in brush biopsies taken from suspected oral lesions for early detection of oral cancer. Materials and Methods: Brush biopsies were collected from macroscopically suspicious lesions of the oral cavity of 34 patients and 10 normal-aged and sex-matched controls. The numbers of AgNORs were counted in 100 squamous epithelial cell nuclei per slide after silver staining of the smears (Ploton's one-step method). Results: Sensitivity and specificity of PAP analysis in the oral smears for detection of oral cancer and normal cells was 91.176% and 100%. The positive and negative prediction values were 100% and 76.92%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of AgNOR analysis in the oral smears for detection of oral cancer and normal cells was 100%. The positive and negative prediction values were 100% each. Conclusion: Based on the above facts, we conclude that brush biopsy in conjunction with AgNOR staining is an easily practicable, non-invasive, safe and accurate screening method for the detection of macroscopically suspicious oral cancerous lesions. Because of its simple technique and high reliability for cellular proliferation, AgNOR staining in brush smears can be used as an adjunct to other routine cytological diagnoses for the early detection of oral cancer. However, further investigations with more number of study samples will be needed to establish this correlation beyond doubt.

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT)-a benign (hamartomatous) lesion of odontogenic origin-is an uncommon tumor which affects young individuals with a female predominance, mainly in the second decade. This lesion is most commonly located in the anterior maxilla and is usually associated with an impacted canine tooth. This is a case report of a 39-year-old female patient presented with a large AOT of the posterior maxilla associated with an impacted second molar - a very rare situation.

We present a case of florid cemento-osseous dysplasia occurring in a 20-year-old Indian woman. The subject presented with three lesions involving the maxillary right quadrant, maxillary left quadrant and mandibular left quadrant. The mandibular left quadrant also demonstrated a cyst.The diagnosis was made by correlating the clinical presentation with that of the radiological and histopathological findings. This is a rare entity because of an unusual combination of Asian race along with the association of dentigerous cyst.

Primary intraosseous carcinoma arising as a de novo lesion is a unique and rare carcinoma affecting the jaws, especially at younger ages. Two case reports, a 26-year-old Indian female with primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma and a 16-year-old Indian male with intraosseous carcinoma arising in an odontogenic cyst, both within the body of the mandible, are presented here.

Primary non-Hodgkins's lymphoma is a very uncommon lesion, accounting for 0.6% in jaws. As the lesions frequently resemble other disease such as chronic osteomyelitis, odontogenic or any secondary neoplasms, further evaluation and histopathologic examination allow early identification for appropriate treatment. The purpose of this case report is to describe a rare case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the mandible, explore the diagnosis and workup based on immunohistochemistry.

Keratoameloblastoma is a very rare ameloblastoma variant defined by extensive squamous metaplasia and keratinization. There are 13 previously reported cases in the literature, with a male predilection of 3:1. A 38-year-old male presented with a painless mandibular swelling which had been progressively increasing in size for 18 months. The incisional biopsy was misdiagnosed as basaloid squamous carcinoma. Owing to financial constraints, the patient had mandibular resection a decade after first noticing the growth, during which the clinical course was essentially benign, thus casting doubt on the initial diagnosis. The final histological diagnosis for both the incisional and resection biopsy specimens was keratoameloblastoma.

The unusual case of dense in dente in mandibular molar area with extra oral sinus in a 30-year-old female is presented. The chief complaint of the patient was wound formation and pus discharge from the right side of lower jaw for many years. Clinical examination revealed extra oral sinus and mild swelling in vestibular region opposite the right mandibular molars. On radiographical examination, right mandibular third molar had bulbous root associated with periapical radiolucency. It appeared that there was a tooth within a tooth and the invagination extended nearly to the root apex. A clinical diagnosis of dense in dente Type III was confirmed by stereomicroscopy of ground section of the tooth. Extra oral sinus healed after extraction of the mandibular third molar within a month.